Three days later, the remaining rebel group was dispersed from the tavern by loyalists. They included about Black soldiers under the command of Colonel Samuel Jarvis. Hundreds of Black Canadians volunteered for service during the rebellions. There was a small, second confrontation soon after in Brantford. The insurgents were once again dispersed. Mackenzie and other rebel leaders fled with about followers to the US. With the help of American volunteers, the various rebel groups launched raids against Upper Canada.
This kept the border in a state of turmoil for nearly a year. With the support of Americans who wished to liberate Canada from British rule, Mackenzie took control of Navy Island in the Niagara River , just upriver from the falls. He proclaimed a republic of Upper Canada. He was forced to withdraw on 14 January, after Canadian volunteers burned the rebel ship, Caroline.
The insurgency fizzled after Mackenzie spent years in exile in New York. He returned to Canada following a government pardon in See: Amnesty Act. Others weren't so lucky. Only three men — two rebels and one loyalist — were killed in the early stages of the rebellion. But many captured rebels were later executed by the government. Historians have disagreed about how much popular support each rebellion received, and to what degree the uprisings were necessary.
One argument is that the rebellions were the inevitable result of undemocratic, unworkable colonial systems, and that the imperial government in London was out of touch and unsympathetic to reform. Another view is that the insurgencies amounted to pointless bloodletting, which may have even slowed the pace of reform.
One fact is clear: the rebellions prompted the appointment of Lord Durham and the writing of the Durham Report. It recommended the two colonies be united as one. The Province of Canada came into being in This in turn led to the introduction of responsible government.
Although the rebel leaders were thwarted in their goals, Papineau and Mackenzie each found a place in history as unlikely folk heroes who fought bravely, if not carefully, for democratic ideals. They worked together across language lines to bring democratic reform and self-government to the newly united Canada. Both rebellions called for a more accountable government where the Executive or what we call today the Cabinet was drawn from the elected majority of the Assembly.
In , all important decisions were made by an appointed council that had no connection or obligation to the elected Assembly and therefore did not have to pay attention to the wishes of the voters. A Country by Consent is a national history of Canada which studies the major political events that have shaped the country, presented in a cohesive, chronological narrative. Many of these main events are introduced by an audiovisual overview, enlivened by narration, sound effects and music.
This was the first digital, multimedia history of Canada. It started out as a laserdisc in and the CD-ROM version has been used in schools across the country. Rebels at Saint-Charles were executed on the spot when they bluffed a surrender; buildings throughout the Richelieu Valley were burned to the ground.
In December the battle turned north to Saint-Eustache where a force of roughly rebels were defeated by a superior British force augmented by Loyalist volunteers. Nearly half the rebels died at Saint-Eustache, some of them burned alive in the church after it was set ablaze by the British troops. Papineau and other leaders fled to the United States.
Papineau in particular was fleet of foot, having run out of Saint-Denis within minutes of the first volleys being fired. His quick retreat was to cost him followers and credibility in exile.
There was talk of launching a second rising from the United States, but this came to nothing apart from two minor skirmishes near the border. In November , rebellion sparked again on the south shore, this time at Beauharnois. An imprudent rebel attack on the Iroquois community at Kahnawake a.
Sault du Saint-Louis and Caughnawaga ended in the capture of 60 rebels who were then handed over to the British. As a seigneur he had a vested interest in stability and continuity, as a notary he had an interest in the preservation of the French civil law, and as an educated francophone he acknowledged a debt of gratitude to the institutions of the Catholic church.
At the same time, he viewed representative government as the best guarantee of cultural survival, he opposed the modernizing economy mostly because it was in the hands of the British Canadians , he railed against clericalism, and he took steps to create a state-funded education system.
Papineau broke down barriers that had stood against Jewish people in European societies for centuries and in this he was progressive; he also took steps to strip the vote from those female property owners in Lower Canada who were entitled to the franchise.
For the general population this was a time of economic uncertainty and fear of change. The arrival of large numbers of Irish immigrants threatened the demographic integrity of the Canadiens; the fact that the Irish inadvertently brought cholera with them did far worse. Some speculated that the Irish immigrants and cholera were both sent to Lower Canada to destroy Canadien society. Many of the rebels simply wanted a bigger slice of the pie.
The fact that the Rebellion manifested elements of ethno-linguistic division along with sectarianism should not blind us to the fact that it consisted of many more factors as well. The rebellion in Upper Canada had similar roots to that in Lower Canada. It sprang out of dissatisfaction with the same constitution.
It featured an oligarchy of wealth and privilege and a populist reform movement inspired by liberal principles. It was influenced by current events in Europe and the Americas that were pointing toward greater democracy and anti-imperialism.
As in Lower Canada, the little power that the assembly might exert on the councils was limited by revenue sources over which the elected representatives had no control, which came from the sale of Crown lands, the revenues from which were at the disposal of the lieutenant-governor and the executive council.
Many of these settlers were, moreover, adherents of Methodism and some of them were Presbyterians. These two denominations were the principal challengers to Family Compact efforts to see the Church of England become the established church. Armed with the Clergy Reserves as well as Crown lands, however, the Compact was in an excellent position to further the interests of the Anglican Church to the exclusion of the smaller denominations.
William Lyon Mackenzie was the leader of the cause in Upper Canada. His newspaper, the Colonial Advocate , was both a vent for radical-reformer positions and a target of Tory opponents. Although the Reformers were able to control the assembly through most of the decade before the rebellion, they were viewed as ineffectual by Radicals by then emerging as a separate camp entirely.
The tension between the two factions grew as the s witnessed insincere concessions by the lieutenant-governor, Sir Francis Bond Head His strategy was to admit onto the executive two prominent Reformers — Robert Baldwin and John Rolph — and then to ignore their advice.
This was a turning point.
0コメント