It is commonly transmitted to humans by consuming unpasteurized dairy products. Various types of brucella spp. Although B. The incubation period may last for one to four weeks up to several months [ 19 ]. The patients may be asymptomatic or may even present serious clinical symptoms especially fever, night sweats and low back pain in the endemic region that should be differentiated from tuberculosis and other malignancies [ 20 ].
Brucellosis should be treated in order to avoid complications and sequelae of the disease. Combination therapies, which are widely employed in the treatment of brucellosis, consisted of doxycycline plus streptomycin or rifampin for 6 weeks [ 21 ]. Several animals are main reservoirs for Y. The pathogen has been isolated from dog bite wound in some studies [ 22 ]. The patients may be asymptomatic in early stage and when the pathogen invades the mucosal surface of the intestine, watery or bloody diarrhea may be present.
Campylobacter spp. This organism normally lives in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals. Direct contact with infected animals or their products is a leading cause of campylobacter transmission. Dogs and puppies are the major reservoirs for campylobacter. The incubation period in campylobacter enteritis varies from one to seven days. Most of the patients present fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Also, bloody diarrhea may be present in more than 50 percent of the infected patients.
Convulsion and seizure may be observed in some patients [ 27 ]. This infection is usually self-limited and does not need antimicrobial therapy. Focus on correction of electrolyte imbalance and hydration should be considered.
Antibiotic therapy with fluoroquinolones, macrolides, or aminoglycosides is indicated in patients with severe disease [ 28 ]. Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a gram-negative bacterium, which is found in the normal flora of the oropharyngeal tract of dogs and cats. The pathogen is mostly transmitted to human by dogs bite and causes an overwhelming sepsis, particularly in elderly, immunocompromised or asplenic patients [ 25 ].
The pathogen can also lead to other fatal infections including meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, lung abscess or empyema and endocarditis. In addition, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome can be associated with capnocytophaga septicemia especially in immunocompromised patients [ 25 , 29 ].
The literature data have demonstrated that the mortality rate due to capnocytophaga septicemia is estimated to be of one third of the infected patients. Accordingly, early empirical therapy with third generation cephalosporins in patients who received a dog bite should be considered [ 30 ]. Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative rod bacterium belonging to the genus Bordetella. The pathogen normally lives in the upper respiratory tract of the mammals such as dogs and cats and is transmitted to humans by aerosol.
Human infection with B. The pathogen normally infects individuals via aerosol and direct contact with the body fluids of the infected animals. Although dogs are not the main reservoirs for C. In addition, in another study by Buhariwalla and colleagues, it was reported that C. In addition, the patients developed the symptoms of Q fever including fever, chills, nausea, vomiting and productive cough.
Opacity is a common finding in chest radiography, and, in physical examination, crackles may be heard during auscultation. The incubation period in this study was estimated to be between 8 and 12 days after the exposure to the infected animal.
The patients with C. Leptospirosis is worldwide zoonoses that are mostly transmitted to human by environmental sources including contaminated soil, water, urine, or tissue of the infected animals. Rodents are the major reservoirs for Leptospirosis; however, domestic animals including dogs can play an important role in leptospirosis transmission in endemic regions [ 37 ]. Mucosal surfaces of the human body including eye, vagina, nose, mouth, or erosive lesions, which have a direct contact with the contaminated urine, are the main ways of Leptospirosis transmission.
The incubation period for this infection is averagely of about 10 days ranging from 2 to 26 days [ 38 , 39 ]. Leptospirosis may present with a variety of symptoms from no symptom to fever, nonproductive cough, headache, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, alveolar hemorrhage, and even meningitis [ 39 ].
Several antibiotics such as doxycycline, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicilin have been successfully employed for the treatment of Leptospirosis [ 40 ]. Some evidences demonstrated that this pathogen could also be isolated from the gingival of healthy dogs [ 41 ]. This pathogen should be discriminated from staphylococcus aureus.
Penicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are effective in the treatment of this infection [ 44 ]. Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus MRSA is a major cause of fatal infection in humans. Several investigations have reported that this pathogen has been isolated from some animals such as pigs, horses, cattle, cats and dogs.
Of them, some believed that companion animals were the main reservoirs for the transmission of MRSA, being able to transmit the bacterium by direct contact with their owners. However, it seems that animal to human infection of MRSA is more seen in immunocompromised patients. Nevertheless, some evidences showed that this bacterium could be transmitted to healthy humans who own an infected animal [ 45 , 46 ].
Traditional anti staphylococcal antibiotics are not more effective in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA. Accordingly, newer drugs including vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin are widely used in the treatment of MRSA infections [ 47 ]. Zoonoses are diseases that implicate both humans and animals and can be transmitted either by domestic pets or by wildlife animals. Many animals and their products can be reservoirs of zoonoses pathogens. Among them, dogs are responsible for the transmission of several zoonotic diseases to their owners.
Thus, dog owners should be informed regarding the zoonotic diseases and their ways of transmission to reduce these infections in human population. Several prophylactic and therapeutic strategies have been introduced in order to decrease the zoonotic diseases.
Dog owners are recommended to wash their hands after any direct contact with their dogs, their products, urine, or feces. The same goes for the seasonal flu that we prepare for every year. In fact, dogs have their own version of the flu, called canine influenza.
And this type of influenza is specific to infection with dogs — so you don't have to worry about picking up the flu from your dog either. And, since we're in the middle of a pandemic, you're probably also wondering if your four-legged friend can give you COVID. Right now, the CDC says that there's "no evidence that animals play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID" — the risk is likely to be very low. One of the most common ways to pick up an illness or infection from a dog is through saliva.
But, it's important to know that it usually takes a bite or skin abrasion for a dog's germs to cause infection in a person. Severe infections in some puppies can lead to death. Symptoms in people: People with dog hookworm infection can experience an itchy reaction and a red squiggly line may appear where the parasite larvae migrated under the skin.
Rarely, the hookworm can migrate to the intestines to cause inflammation in the intestines. These infections are treated with medication to kill the hookworm anthelmintics. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that can affect people and animals.
Many kinds of animals can carry the bacteria in their urine, including dogs. Dogs can be vaccinated to protect against some strains of leptospirosis. How it spreads: The bacteria that cause leptospirosis spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and survive there for weeks to months.
Some animals that can spread leptospirosis include cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, rodents, and wild animals. People get infected through contact with urine or other body fluids except saliva from infected animals, or through contact with water, soil, or other materials such as animal bedding contaminated with urine from infected animals.
Who is at risk: Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is most common in tropical and subtropical climates. It has been associated with contact with infected animals and activities in contaminated lakes and rivers, such as swimming, wading, kayaking, and rafting. It is also a risk for people in certain jobs that involve contact with animals or their waste, like farmers, sewer workers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians. People working directly with dogs or cleaning up after them may be at risk for leptospirosis.
Signs in dogs: Dogs infected with leptospirosis may not show any signs of illness. For dogs that do show symptoms, they could include: fever, tiredness, vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, conjunctivitis red eyes , jaundice yellow skin or eyes , or changes in urination more than normal, less than normal, or trouble urinating at all.
Some dogs with severe illness, such as kidney or liver failure, or bleeding of the lungs, may die from the infection. Symptoms in people: People with leptospirosis might not have any symptoms, but those who do will usually become sick within 2 days to 4 weeks of exposure and can have high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice, conjunctivitis red eyes , abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash. A small number of people with leptospirosis can have more severe disease, such as liver and kidney failure, hemorrhagic pneumonia, and even death.
Early treatment with appropriate antibiotics is important and can reduce the duration and severity of illness. Staphylococcus aureus is a common type of a bacteria normally found on the skin of people and animals. MRSA is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that have become resistant to some antibiotics. MRSA can cause a variety of infections, including skin infections, pneumonia lung infection , and other problems.
How it spreads: MRSA can spread between people and animals through direct contact touching. Athletes, daycare and school students, military personnel in barracks, and those who receive inpatient medical care or have surgery or medical devices inserted in their body are at higher risk of MRSA infection.
For people who develop a MRSA infection, the most common type is a skin infection. If left untreated, MRSA can rarely spread to the lungs or bloodstream and become life threatening.
Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis , bacteria that can cause illness in people and animals.
In the western United States, fleas can pass the bacteria to rodents and other small animals. People and pets dogs, cats are at risk when they are bitten by these fleas. Dogs and cats can get sick with plague and can spread the infection to humans. How it spreads: People and animals are most commonly infected by flea bites, but touching live or dead plague-infected animals can also cause illness. People can also become infected by inhaling infectious droplets that a sick dog or cat has coughed into the air.
Who is at risk: People that live in or travel to the western United States, particularly in rural areas, may be at risk. In addition, people with animal contact for example sleeping with infected pets in the bed and hunters may be at risk.
Signs in dogs: Dogs infected with Y. Signs of plague in dogs may include fever, low appetite, low energy, swollen lymph nodes, vomiting, and diarrhea. Dogs, similar to cats, can develop plague pneumonia and may cough or have difficulty breathing. Owners should reduce contact with sick pets and seek veterinary care as soon as possible.
Symptoms in people: Bubonic plague is the most common form in people. Symptoms of bubonic plague include painful, swollen lymph nodes, sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, and weakness. Other forms of plague, including septicemic plague and plague pneumonia, can cause more severe symptoms.
Rabies is a deadly neurologic disease caused by a virus that spreads primarily through bites of infected animals. Dog owners should get their dogs vaccinated against rabies. Rabies vaccines should be boostered regularly, according to the labeled duration of the vaccine used. Who is at risk : Rabies in people and domestic animals is rare in the United States because of successful animal control and vaccination programs, but the disease is still found in wild animals such as bats, foxes, raccoons, and skunks.
You or your pet could be at risk for rabies if you come into contact with an infected animal. Signs in dogs: Dogs with rabies can have different symptoms. They may show sudden behavioral changes and progressive paralysis. They may also show signs of restlessness, panting, voice changes, or poor appetite. They may attack other animals, people, or objects. Animals with rabies typically die within a few days after symptoms start.
Symptoms in people: Symptoms of rabies in people can appear days to months after exposure. Once symptoms appear, it is almost always too late for treatment, so if you have been bitten by a dog or another animal, you should wash the wound immediately and see a healthcare provider right away and let them know about the animal bite. Ringworm is an infection caused by a fungus that can infect the skin, hair, or nails of people and animals. How it spreads: Ringworm spreads by touching an infected animal or person.
It can also spread by touching objects or surfaces contaminated with the fungus, like blankets and towels. Who is at risk: Anyone can get ringworm, but people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk.
Signs in dogs: Dogs with ringworm infection develop bald, scaly patches with broken hairs. They may also develop acne-like bumps on the skin. The areas usually affected include ear tips, face, tail, and feet.
In dogs, they can cause symptoms like cough, runny nose, and lethargy. But can dogs get the flu from us? Research from and indicated that human influenza viruses can infect dogs, particularly H1N1 strains and H3N2 strains. Salmonella bacteria can cause illness in both dogs and humans.
Infection can lead to symptoms like fever, diarrhea, and vomiting in both species. Transmission of Salmonella is fecal-oral. The bacteria Campylobacter jejuni causes this infection in both dogs and humans. Symptoms in dogs can include watery diarrhea, decreased appetite, and fever.
Like Salmonella , transmission is fecal-oral. Humans can carry MRSA on their skin without any symptoms. However, potentially serious skin infections can occur if the bacteria enter through a break in the skin.
Dogs can potentially get MRSA from humans who have the bacteria on their skin. In dogs, MRSA can cause infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. Tuberculosis is a respiratory illness caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In humans, symptoms of an active infection can include coughing, fever, and shortness of breath.
Transmission of tuberculosis from humans to dogs has been reported. In dogs, tuberculosis causes symptoms like cough, weight loss, and vomiting. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes , which are large airways in your lungs. A person with bronchitis experiences a wet cough, fatigue, and wheezing. In people, viral infections like the common cold or the flu most commonly cause bronchitis.
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis, or kennel cough , leads to symptoms like coughing, sneezing, and fatigue. Kennel cough can occur from the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica as well as a variety of canine-specific viruses.
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